DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation


Objectives:

Molecular Genetics Objectives

1.     state two different nucleic acids.
2.     recognize that nucleic acids are formed from nucleotide subunits.
3.     describe the structure of the DNA molecule.
4.     Summarize experiments performed by the following scientists, which provided evidence
            that DNA is the genetic material;  Frederick Griffith,  Avery, McCarty, and McLeod, and Erwin Chargaff
5.     List the three components of a nucleotide.
6.     Distinguish between deoxyribose and ribose.
7.     List the nitrogen bases found in DNA, and distinguish between pyrimidine and purine.
8.     Explain how Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA, and describe how they used the evidence of Rosalind Franklin in doing this
9.     Explain the "base-pairing rule" and describe its significance.
10.   Describe the structure of DNA, and explain what kind of chemical bond connects the nucleotides of each strand and what type of bond holds the two strands together.
11.   Explain the terms conservative, semiconservative replication, and dispersive replication
12.   Describe the process of DNA replication, and explain the role of single strand binding protein.
13.   Explain what energy source drives endergonic synthesis of DNA.
14.   Define antiparallel, and explain why continuous synthesis of both DNA strands is not possible.
15.   Distinguish between the leading strand and the lagging strand.
16.   Explain how the lagging strand is synthesized.
17.   Explain the role of DNA polymerase I, III,, helicase, primase and ligase in the DNA replication process. .
18. Describe Beadle and Tatum's experiments with Neurospora, and explain
             the contribution they made to our understanding of how genes control metabolism.
19. Distinguish between "one gene—one enzyme" hypothesis and "one gene—one
             polypeptide," and explain why the original hypothesis was changed.
20. Explain how RNA differs from DNA.
21. In their own words, briefly explain how information flows from the coding section of a gene to protein.
22. Distinguish between transcription and translation.
23. Define the terms codon and anticodon, and explain what relationship exists between the linear sequence of codons on mRNA and the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
24. Recognize the importance of  the three stop codons and the one start codon.
25. Explain in what way the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous.
26.. Explain the evolutionary significance of a nearly universal genetic code.
27. Explain the process of transcription including the three major steps of initiation, elongation, and termination.
28. Describe the general role of RNA polymerase in transcription.
29. Explain how RNA polymerase recognizes where transcription should begin.
30. Distinguish among mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
31. Describe the structure of tRNA and explain how the structure is related to function.
32. Given a sequence of bases in DNA, predict the corresponding codons transcribed on mRNA and the corresponding anticodons of tRNA.
33. Describe the structure of a ribosome, and explain how this structure relates to function.
34. Explain how proteins can be targeted for specific sites within the cell.
35. Explain how eukaryotic mRNA is processed before it leaves the nucleus.
36. Describe some biological functions of introns and gene splicing.
37. Explain why base-pair insertions or deletions usually have a greater effect than base-pair substitutions.

 Video: (5 points per)
Genetics Review -

DNA and RNA Part I -

DNA and RNA Part II -

WS:
DNA and Genetic Material - Guided Notes
Genes and How They Work - Guided Notes
DNA and RNA Review WS

Activities:
DNA Replication Simulation
Protein Synthesis - Transcription and Translation Simulation (including mutations)

Animations: (3 points per)
How nucleotides are added -
DNA Replication -
Processing Gene Information - Making mRNA -
Protein Synthesis -
Manipulation of mRNA -


Additional Info:
DNA Replication - Outline of Events

DNA Replication - http://www.dnatube.com/video/1019/DNA-Replication-Process
More DNA Replication - Read the Transcripts provided.  These may add some additional insight.
     basic - http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/03-mechanism-of-replication-basic.html
     advanced - http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/04-mechanism-of-replication-advanced.html

Another Animation with explanation - (no sound)
http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/biotutorials/dna/lag.html

Transcription
http://dnalc.org/resources/3d/12-transcription-basic.html
http://dnalc.org/resources/3d/13-transcription-advanced.html

Translation
http://dnalc.org/resources/3d/15-translation-basic.html
http://dnalc.org/resources/3d/16-translation-advanced.html

Triplet Code
http://dnalc.org/resources/3d/10-triplet-code.html

Prezi Stuff
Molecular Genetics 1 - DNA
Molecular Genetics 2 - The Central Dogma
Molecular Genetics 3 - Regulation of Gene Expression
Molecular Genetics 4 - Viruses
Molecular Genetics 5 -  Biotechnology
Molecular Genetics 6 - Systems Perspectives
   http://prezi.com/i0asqa6k4a98/ap-bio-molecular-genetics-6-systems-perspectives/


DNA Practice Questions


DNA – Quiz – beginning replication
1. Enzyme the splits the double helix for replication


2. Open strand of DNA that ends with 3’ carbon


3. Open strand of DNA that ends with 5’ carbon


4. Label the carbons on the sugar molecule


5. Type of sugar in DNA (Diagram)


6. What is wrong with this diagram – both strands are running parallel instead of antiparallel


7. Enzymes that adds nucleotides for complementary strands


8. Side that adds okazaki units


9. These stabilze single stranded DNA during replication.


10. There are _______ # of ________ bonds in A-T.


More after Replication


1. Enzyme that splits DNA into two strands


2. What must be added before DNA nucleotides can be added to the complementary strands?


3. What enzyme helps #2 occur?


4. In what direction(sugar #s) is the complementary strand added?


5. What enzyme adds the complementary strands DNA nucleotides?


6. Diagram with leading and lagging strand, okazaki units, primers?


    a. What is A pointing to - primers


    b. B arrows – okazaki units


    c. What enzyme binds the units in B – ligase


    d. What enzyme removes A – DNA polymerase I


    e. What do you call the strand with the units in c – lagging strand
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